How is "authoritarianism" characterized in contrast to democracy?

The characterization of authoritarianism in contrast to democracy is best understood through the notion of concentrated power and limited political freedoms. In authoritarian systems, power is typically centralized within a single authority or ruling party, which limits political pluralism and often suppresses dissenting voices. This concentration of power results in a lack of accountability and transparency in governance, meaning that leaders can act without the checks that democratic systems impose, such as free elections and independent judiciary systems.

Limited political freedoms in authoritarian regimes often manifest in the restriction of civil rights, such as freedom of speech, assembly, and the press. Citizens in these systems rarely have the opportunity to participate in governance or influence policies that affect their lives, as opposed to democratic systems where rights and freedoms are safeguarded allowing for a more participatory role.

In contrast, the other options present characteristics more aligned with democratic principles. For instance, inclusive representation and multiple party systems denote a political environment where diverse viewpoints can compete and be represented - a hallmark of democracy. Similarly, the emphasis on civil liberties and individual rights, as well as open dialogue and public debate, are fundamental aspects of a democratic society where citizens are encouraged to express their opinions and engage in discussions that shape public policy. Thus, understanding authoritarianism in terms of concentrated