What does the "iron law of oligarchy" suggest?

The "iron law of oligarchy," a concept developed by sociologist Robert Michels, suggests that all democratic organizations will inevitably develop into oligarchies, where power is concentrated in the hands of a small group of elites. This phenomenon occurs as a result of the organizational complexities and the necessity for leadership in any group, which tends to privilege those with greater resources, expertise, or charisma.

Michels argued that as organizations grow, the administrative tasks required for their functioning lead to a bureaucracy that distances the leadership from the general membership. Even in environments that start with democratic ideals, the efficiencies of a smaller ruling class and the practical realities of decision-making can result in fewer individuals making the important choices. This does not suggest that organizations initially reject democratic principles, but rather highlights the paradox of democracy's structure leading to oligarchic outcomes over time.

In contrast, the other choices make assertions about democratic organizations that do not align with Michels' findings. While some may argue that democratic organizations promote equality or protect human rights, the iron law argues that the reality of power dynamics tends to undermine those ideals. The processes of voting and public participation also do not guarantee that they remain free from elite domination. Therefore, the essence of the "iron law of